Actinomycosis is a complex and serious infection. Actinomyces are bacteria that naturally live in dogs' mouths and nasal passages, but they can wreak havoc when they enter other regions of the body through wounds. Different species of Actinomyces can cause infections, some of which can penetrate deep within the body cavity or bones and be fatal—even with aggressive treatment. Early treatment with targeted antibiotic therapy offers dogs the best chance of recovery.
Actinomycosis refers to the infection that can occur in dogs when Actinomyces bacteria penetrate the skin (via another animal's bite) or migrate into the body cavity or bones through the bloodstream.
Dogs that are allowed to roam outside without supervision are most at risk for experiencing an injury that precipitates actinomycosis.
The signs of bacterial infections typically depend on the location of the infection. Visible infections are often subcutaneous (under the skin) but may also involve the surface of the skin. These can look like wounds or areas of swelling. They may appear as firm or soft swelling. They may or may not be ulcerated on the surface. A discharge may be present. Discharge consistency and color can vary from watery and pinkish or red (serosanguinous) to thick and yellow or green (pus). The discharge may have a foul odor, especially if it looks like pus.
Actinomycosis may also occur in the face, head, mouth, or airway of a dog. You may notice signs like coughing, sneezing, or abnormal breathing. A discharge may be present from the nose or mouth or eye area. Your dog may even have trouble eating or swallowing.
If actinomycosis is present inside the body where it cannot be seen by the naked eye, your dog may show various signs of illness, like lethargy, loss of appetite, and weight loss. Pneumonia may occur secondary to actinomycosis.
Because actinomycosis is a bacterial infection, many dogs will develop a fever at some point. Some or all of your dog’s lymph nodes may become enlarged (called lymphadenopathy). Lymph nodes are located all one your dog’s body, but the easiest ones to find when swollen are the submandibular (right and left side of the head near where the back of the jaws meets the neck), axillary (armpits), and popliteal (back of the knees) lymph nodes.
Be sure to contact your veterinarian right away if you notice any wounds, swelling, or signs of illness in your dog.
Actinomycosis is most commonly caused by a penetrating wound, which can come from a variety of sources, such as;
If you suspect your dog has a bacterial infection, contact your veterinarian as soon as possible. Your vet will need to see your dog to make an accurate diagnosis and begin the appropriate treatment.
During the visit to your veterinarian’s office, recount your dog’s recent activities. The veterinarian will perform a complete physical examination. If the site of suspected infection is located, your vet may perform a culture of the wound to microscopically determine the types of bacteria present.
Depending on the severity of the infection, your vet may also perform laboratory tests. Blood chemistry and complete blood count (CBC) will likely be recommended to assess your dog’s organ function, blood cell counts, and overall health. If your vet notes or suspects any internal abnormalities, x-rays may also be recommended.
Treatment of a bacterial infection depends on the type of bacteria present and the severity of the infection. For mild to moderate infections, antibiotics may be the only treatment necessary. Penicillin is the antibiotic of choice for actinomycosis. However, your veterinarian may prescribe a different antibiotic depending on the culture results, the nature of the infection, and your dog's medical history. The necessary course of antibiotic treatment typically lasts several weeks.
For more serious or invasive infections, surgical intervention may be necessary. Surgical treatments vary depending on the location and severity of the infection. For severe skin infections, the vet typically clears away the dying tissue to promote new tissue growth (this process is called debridement). If tissue damage has caused pockets under the skin, a surgical drain may also be placed. Some wounds will be partially sutured closed while others must be left open to heal.
If the bacterial infection is present inside a body cavity, like the abdomen, then the veterinarian may need to surgically remove it. This type of surgery may also require a surgical drain.
For rare major infections, your primary care veterinarian may recommend referral to a veterinary surgeon. These specialists are board-certified in veterinary surgery and know how to handle the most serious surgical procedures.
Recovery from actinomycosis and other bacterial infections can take weeks to months. Your dog will need to be on a long course of antibiotics. Other medications may be prescribed for pain management. Your dog will need to be hospitalized for several days if surgical treatment is necessary.
Expect to return to the vet frequently for follow-up exams and treatments. It is essential that you comply with your vet’s instructions if you want your dog to recover. Communicate about any difficulties you are having so your vet’s office can help you make adjustments.
Most dogs will recover from actinomycosis infections that are identified and treated early, Unfortunately, severe cases are often fatal despite aggressive antibiotic treatment.
The best way to prevent actinomycosis and any other type of bacterial infection in your dog is to detect problems early. If your dog is bitten by another animal, seek immediate veterinary attention. Animal bites can turn serious very quickly. Even if you can administer first aid on the scene, you should still follow up with a veterinarian.
Inspect and groom your dog well after spending time outdoors, especially if your dog has been in an area with tall grasses or similar plants. Most penetrating foreign bodies are difficult to see with the naked eye, but you may be able to brush or comb them off. This process can also help you detect parasites like fleas or ticks.
Common Injuries in Dogs and How to Treat Them
Learn about the most common injuries in dogs—whether in their legs, spine, tail, or eye—and how you should treat them with this helpful list.How to Calm a Panting Dog
Learn how to calm a dog’s breathing when they’re panting or breathing too fast. Dogs may breathe fast for several reasons. Know when to call the vet and how to determine if it’s an emergency.Common Antibiotics for Dogs
Antibiotics are commonly used in dogs to treat a variety of infections. Learn about some common types of antibiotics for dogs, what conditions they treat, potential side effects, and safety information.Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen: Dog Breed Characteristics & Care
The Petit Basset Griffon Vendéen, or PBGV for short, is a small, shaggy-coated scent hound from France. Known for their charming personality and cuddly appearance, Petit Basset Griffon Vendéens are outgoing, confident, and proud dogs.Golden Retriever: Dog Breed Characteristics & Care
Learn about the golden retriever, one of the most popular dog breeds in the world. It is known for its loyalty, enthusiasm, and sweet, bright eyes.Becoming a Show Dog: Getting Started
Do you have the perfect puppy? Have you considered showing her in a dog show? There's much more to showing than showing up! Here's how to get started.How to Train Your Dog to Go to Its Place
Training your dog to go to its bed or place is a great way to get it to settle down quickly. Learn how to get your dog to follow the place command.Myths and Superstitions About Black Cats
Black cats have played a major role in folklore, superstition, and mythology for centuries. Learn the origins behind these black cat stories.Devon Rex: Cat Breed Profile, Characteristics & Care
The Devon rex is a unique breed known for their unique appearance, including large ears, big eyes, and a short, wavy coat. They are active and friendly cats who make a great fit for most families. Learn more about the Devon rex cat breed.Birman: Cat Breed Profile, Characteristics & Care
The Birman is a medium- to large-sized cat breed that has a stocky body and a quiet demeanor. Learn more about this kind-natured cat.Reasons Why Your Cat Acts Crazy and How to Stop It
Cats do some strange things. Learn the reasons why your cat may run around acting crazy and find out if it's something you should be concerned about.Why Cats Eat Litter and How to Stop It
Eating litter is not uncommon in kittens, but it may be a sign of health problems in adult cats.How to Discipline Your Cat the Right Way
Cats are mischievous but sometimes they also misbehave. Learn how to safely and effectively discipline a cat and positively change their behavior.Ringworm in Cats
Ringworm in cats is a fungus similar to athlete's foot in humans. Learn the causes, treatment, and prevention.Signs of Heat in Cats
A cat in heat will show several physical and behavioral signs. Here's how to tell if your cat is in heat and how to care for her during this time. Learn the signs and how to prevent pregnancy, even if her cycle has begun.What to Do if Your Cat Is Snoring
Cat snoring can happen for several reasons. Find out if your cat's snoring is normal or caused by a medical issue. Know when to call the vet about your cat snoring.Is Lavender Safe for Cats?
Are cats safe around lavender? Find out how lavender affects cats and what to do if your cat is exposed to it.Hyperlipidemia in Cats
Hyperlipidemia is an abnormally high level of fat in a cat's bloodstream. Learn the causes, treatment, and prevention.275 Best Male Cat Names for Your Handsome Kitty
There are plenty of male cat names to choose from if you’re looking to add a new tomcat to the family. Here are 275 of our favorite choices for male cat names.Can Dogs Eat Raw Chicken Feet?
What are the potential health benefits of chicken feet for dogs? What are the risks?